Public Telephone and Telegraph (PTT) organizations are the highest-level monopoly (or ex-monopoly) in each country, and generally are expected to comply with ITU-T standards for interoperability. Each PTT is regulated by its country of origin. In the United States, AT&T was broken up in 1982 into a long distance unit (AT&T as the Inter-exchange carrier (IXC) was authorized only to carry long distance traffic), and reorganized groups of regional Bell Operating Companies were given a limited Local Exchange Carrier (LEC) role that until recently prevented them from selling interstate (or interLATA) long distance services. Competitive LECs (CLECs), in spite of regulatory advantages, hold less than 10% of local lines.
| Warning | VoIP used for toll bypass is illegal in certain countries. Be sure you understand associated laws before implementing a VoIP system internationally. |
As part of the AT&T breakup, 160 local access and transport areas (LATAs) were created around area code boundaries. Initially, LECs could not provide long distance service across and long distance companies could not provide local service, and some states have not removed these restrictions. Similar attempts to promote competitive services within specific countries are underway in various parts of the world.
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